hard rock minerals

James R. Kuipers. All the states require some form of "reclamation bonding" to ensure that mining operations are conducted responsibly and reduce their liability in the event mining companies fail to fulfill their responsibilities. Bonding levels may be inadequate or insufficiently enforced. Kuipers reviews bonding policies for one part of the US.

Review of the 1872 Mining Law, including its high fiscal cost and severe impacts on environmental quality.

Robert Repetto. The adequacy of Canadian and US mining companies' disclosures of material environmental information were found to be deficient, especially in the disclosure to investors of known material environmental risks and liabilities.